OEMs and SoC vendors who want to implement A/B system updates must ensuretheir bootloader implements the boot_control HAL and passes thecorrect parameters to the kernel.
Implementing the boot control HAL
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A/B-capable bootloaders must implement the boot_control
HAL athardware/libhardware/include/hardware/boot_control.h
.You can test implementations using thesystem/extras/bootctl
utility andsystem/extras/tests/bootloader/
.
You must also implement the state machine shown below:
Setting up the kernel
To implement A/B system updates:
- Cherrypick the following kernel patch series (if needed):
- If booting without ramdisk and using 'boot as recovery', cherrypick android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/158491/.
- To set up dm-verity without ramdisk, cherrypick android-review.googlesource.com/#/q/status:merged+project:kernel/common+branch:android-3.18+topic:A_B_Changes_3.18.
- Ensure kernel command line arguments contain the following extra arguments:... where the
<public-key-id>
value is the ID of the publickey used to verify the verity table signature (for details, seedm-verity). - Add the .X509 certificate containing the public key to the system keyring:
- Copy the .X509 certificate formatted in the
.der
format to the root of thekernel
directory. If the .X509 certificate is formatted as a.pem
file, use the followingopenssl
command to convert from.pem
to.der
format: - Build the
zImage
to include the certificate as part of the system keyring. To verify,check theprocfs
entry (requiresKEYS_CONFIG_DEBUG_PROC_KEYS
to be enabled): Successful inclusion of the .X509 certificate indicates the presence of the public key in the system keyring (highlight denotes the public key ID). - Replace the space with
#
and pass it as<public-key-id>
in the kernel command line. For example, passAndroid:#7e4333f9bba00adfe0ede979e28ed1920492b40f
in place of<public-key-id>
.
- Copy the .X509 certificate formatted in the
Setting build variables
A/B-capable bootloaders must meet the following build variable criteria:
Must define for A/B target |
/device/google/marlin/+/android-7.1.0_r1/device-common.mk .You can optionally conduct the post-install (but pre-reboot) dex2oat stepdescribed in Compiling. |
---|---|
Strongly recommended for A/B target |
|
Cannot define for A/B target |
|
Optional for debug builds | PRODUCT_PACKAGES_DEBUG += update_engine_client |
Setting partitions (slots)
A/B devices do not need a recovery partition or cache partition becauseAndroid no longer uses these partitions. The data partition is now used for thedownloaded OTA package, and the recovery image code is on the boot partition.All partitions that are A/B-ed should be named as follows (slots are alwaysnamed a
, b
, etc.): boot_a
,boot_b
, system_a
, system_b
,vendor_a
, vendor_b
.
Cache
For non-A/B updates, the cache partition was used to store downloaded OTApackages and to stash blocks temporarily while applying updates. There wasnever a good way to size the cache partition: how large it needed to bedepended on what updates you wanted to apply. The worst case would be a cachepartition as large as the system image. With A/B updates there's no need tostash blocks (because you're always writing to a partition that isn't currentlyused) and with streaming A/B there's no need to download the whole OTA packagebefore applying it.
Recovery
The recovery RAM disk is now contained in the boot.img
file.When going into recovery, the bootloader cannot put theskip_initramfs
option on the kernel command line.
For non-A/B updates, the recovery partition contains the code used to applyupdates. A/B updates are applied by update_engine
running in theregular booted system image. There is still a recovery mode used to implementfactory data reset and sideloading of update packages (which is where the name'recovery' came from). The code and data for recovery mode is stored in theregular boot partition in a ramdisk; to boot into the system image, thebootloader tells the kernel to skip the ramdisk (otherwise the device boots intorecovery mode. Recovery mode is small (and much of it was already on the bootpartition), so the boot partition doesn't increase in size.
Fstab
The slotselect
argument must be on the line forthe A/B-ed partitions. For example:
No partition should be named vendor
. Instead, partitionvendor_a
or vendor_b
will be selected and mounted onthe /vendor
mount point.
Kernel slot arguments
The current slot suffix should be passed either through a specific devicetree (DT) node (/firmware/android/slot_suffix
) or through theandroidboot.slot_suffix
command line argument.
By default, fastboot flashes the current slot on an A/B device. If the update package also contains images for the other, non-current slot, fastboot flashes those images as well. Available options include:
--slot SLOT
. Override the default behavior and prompt fastboot to flash the slot that is passed in as an argument.--set-active [SLOT]
. Set the slot as active. If no optional argument is specified, then the current slot is set as active.fastboot --help
. Get details on commands.
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If the bootloader implements fastboot, it should support the commandset_active <slot>
that sets the current active slotto the given slot (this must also clear the unbootable flag for that slot andreset the retry count to default values). The bootloader should also support thefollowing variables:
has-slot:<partition-base-name-without-suffix>
. Returns“yes” if the given partition supports slots, “no” otherwise.current-slot
. Returns the slot suffix that will be booted fromnext.slot-count
. Returns an integer representing the number ofavailable slots. Currently, two slots are supported so this value is2
.slot-successful:<slot-suffix>
. Returns 'yes' if the givenslot has been marked as successfully booting, 'no' otherwise.slot-unbootable:<slot-suffix>
. Returns “yes” if the givenslot is marked as unbootable, 'no' otherwise.slot-retry-count
. Number of retries remaining toattempt to boot the given slot.
To view all variables, runfastboot getvar all
.
Generating OTA packages
The OTA package tools follow thesame commands as the commands for non-A/B devices. Thetarget_files.zip
file must be generated by defining the buildvariables for the A/B target. The OTA package tools automatically identify andgenerate packages in the format for the A/B updater.
Examples:
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- To generate a full OTA:
- To generate an incremental OTA:
Configuring partitions
The update_engine
can update any pair of A/B partitions definedin the same disk. A pair of partitions has a common prefix (such assystem
or boot
) and per-slot suffix (such as_a
). The list of partitions for which the payload generator definesan update is configured by the AB_OTA_PARTITIONS
make variable.
For example, if a pair of partitions bootloader_a
andbooloader_b
are included (_a
and _b
arethe slot suffixes), you can update these partitions by specifying the followingon the product or board configuration:
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All partitions updated by update_engine
must not be modified bythe rest of the system. During incremental or delta updates, the binarydata from the current slot is used to generate the data in the new slot. Anymodification may cause the new slot data to fail verification during the updateprocess, and therefore fail the update.
Configuring post-installation
You can configure the post-install step differently for each updatedpartition using a set of key-value pairs. To run a program located at/system/usr/bin/postinst
in a new image, specify the path relativeto the root of the filesystem in the system partition.
For example, usr/bin/postinst
issystem/usr/bin/postinst
(if not using a RAM disk). Additionally,specify the filesystem type to pass to the mount(2)
system call.Add the following to the product or device .mk
files (ifapplicable):
Compiling
For security reasons, system_server
cannot usejust-in-time (JIT) compilation.This means you must compile ahead of time odex files forsystem_server
and its dependencies at a minimum; anything else isoptional.
To compile apps in the background, you must add the following to theproduct's device configuration (in the product's device.mk):
- Include the native components in the build to ensure compilation script andbinaries are compiled and included in the system image.
- Connect the compilation script to
update_engine
such that runsas a post-install step.
For help installing the preopted files in the unused second system partition,refer to First bootinstallation of DEX_PREOPT files.